Every table so far

U00 cheat sheet · the ten systems taught between 2026-07-30 and 2026-08-19, and the endings they share

A cheat sheet, not a lesson. Every table taught so far, in one place, with nothing new in it. Sections 1–8 are the tables themselves. Section 9 is the one that is not a copy — the endings that appear in four tables at once, which is where they start to mix.

1 Noun 2 Plural 3 Articles 4 Adjective 5 Possessive 6 Verb 7 Pronouns 8 Numbers 9 Where they collide 10 The order

1 The noun: gendertaught 2026-08-07 · 2026-08-09

Gender	one	two	English
m	un prieten	doi prieteni	a friend, two friends
f	o carte	două cărți	a book, two books
n	un oraș	două orașe	a town, two towns

The counting test is the definition: un / doi = m, o / două = f, un / două = n. The neuter is not a third set of forms — masculine in the singular, feminine in the plural — so it never gets a row of its own in any other table on this page.

Gate	Ask	Then	Examples · exceptions
①	ends in -ă?	f — stop	casă · masă · ușă · adresă · except male persons: tată is m
②	a person?	their sex decides — stop	prieten m · studentă f · medic m
③	consonant or -u, not alive?	n — stop	telefon · scaun · oraș · lucru · except an m, leu m
④	ends in -e?	not decidable — default f, memorise the short m set	carte f · cheie f · the m set: perete · munte · dinte · soare

2 The pluraltaught 2026-08-07 · 2026-08-10

Gender	Ending	one	several	English
m	-i	prieten	prieteni	friend
f	-e	casă	case	house
f	-i	limbă	limbi	language
f	-le small class	zi	zile	day
n	-e	oraș	orașe	town
n	-uri	timp	timpuri	time

Run it forwards, in this order: gender → ending → stem shift. Which of the two feminine endings a word takes, and which of the two neuter ones, is stored per word — it is the one fact about a noun you cannot compute.

Shift	one	several	The same shift elsewhere
t → ț	student	studenți	verb ascult → asculți
d → z	stradă	străzi	adjective verde → verzi · verb văd → vezi
s → ș	urs	urși	—
c, g go soft	medic · drag	medici · dragi	sound only — the letter does not change
ea → e	fereastră	ferestre	the stress leaves the syllable
oa → o	floare	flori	same reason
a → ă	țară	țări	same reason
a → e	masă	mese	stored, not derived — casă → case does not do it

3 The articlestaught 2026-08-07 · 2026-08-15 · 2026-08-17

Indefinite — a, some

	singular	plural
m	un prieten	niște prieteni
f	o carte	niște cărți
n	un oraș	niște orașe

Definite singular — decided by the last letter, not by gender

The noun ends in	What happens	one	the one
a consonant m, n	+ -ul	oraș	orașul
-u m, n	+ -l	centru	centrul
-e m, n	+ -le	perete · nume	peretele · numele
-ă f	ă → a	stradă	strada
-e f	+ -a	carte	cartea
-ie f	e → a	cheie	cheia
-ea f, stressed	+ -ua	canapea	canapeaua

Definite plural — decided by gender, not by the last letter

Gender	What happens	several	the several
m	+ -i	pereți	pereții
f	+ -le	străzi	străzile
n	+ -le = feminine	orașe	orașele

One fact per noun is stored — its plural. Both definite forms are then computed: the singular from gender plus the last letter, the plural from the plural plus gender.

When Romanian puts it where Ukrainian puts nothing

Environment	Article	Example	English
straight after a bare preposition — în · pe · la · din	none	în oraș · pe stradă · la magazin	in town · on the street · to the shop
…but something is added to the noun — meu, an adjective	yes	la magazinul meu	to my shop
a whole class or an abstraction	yes	Timpul trece.	Time passes.
a title — domnul · doamna — in front of a name	yes	domnul Popescu	Mr Popescu
a noun used to say when	yes	dimineața · seara · lunea	in the morning · in the evening · on Mondays
profession or nationality after a fi	none	Sunt inginer. · Sunt ucrainean.	I am an engineer. · I am Ukrainian.

4 The adjectivetaught 2026-08-12

	singular	plural
m un frate…	bun	buni
f o soră…	bună	bune
n un scaun…	bun = the m cell	bune = the f cell

Four cells, three additions: f sg + ă · m pl + i · f pl + e. The adjective stands after its noun — o casă mare, a big house.

Class	m sg	f sg	m pl	f pl	Recognise it by
4 forms	bun	bună	buni	bune	the default — assume it unless a row below applies
3 forms	mic	mică	mici	mici	short native stem in c or g: mic, lung, drag, larg; stems in -u: nou
2 forms	mare	mare	mari	mari	the m sg ends in -e: mare, verde, dulce, tare
1 form	maro	maro	maro	maro	borrowed colours: maro, roz, gri, bej

5 The possessivetaught 2026-08-17

Owner	m one thing	f one thing	m several	f several
my	meu	mea	mei	mele
your tu	tău	ta	tăi	tale
his · her · its	său	sa	săi	sale
our	nostru	noastră	noștri	noastre
your voi, dvs.	vostru	voastră	voștri	voastre
their	lor	lor	lor	lor

The four columns agree with the thing owned, never with the owner. The noun in front of it carries its definite article first: frate → fratele → fratele meu.

Owned	The noun is definite → nothing extra	The noun is not definite → the article steps out
m one	prietenul meu my friend	un prieten al meu a friend of mine
f one	casa mea my house	o casă a mea a house of mine
m several	prietenii mei my friends	niște prieteni ai mei some friends of mine
f several	casele mele my houses	niște case ale mele some houses of mine

6 The verb, present tensetaught 2026-07-31 · 2026-08-17 · 2026-08-19

The two verbs that follow no rule

Person	a fi to be	a avea to have	English
eu	sunt	am	I am · I have
tu	ești	ai	you are · you have
el / ea	este · e	are	he is · he has
noi	suntem	avem	we are · we have
voi	sunteți	aveți	you are · you have
ei / ele	sunt	au	they are · they have

Every other verb: one grid of endings

	I -a	I with -ez-	II -ea	III -e	IV -i	IV with -esc-
eu	—	-ez	—	—	—	-esc
tu	-i	-ezi	-i	-i	-i	-ești
el / ea	-ă	-ează	-e	-e	-e	-ește
noi	-ăm	-ăm	-em	-em	-im	-im
voi	-ați	-ați	-eți	-eți	-iți	-iți
ei / ele	-ă	-ează	—	—	—	-esc

The infinitive names the group: a lucra I · a vedea II · a merge III · a dormi IV. II and III share one ending set throughout. Both infixes disappear at noi and voi, where the plain endings come back. Whether a verb takes its infix is the single bit stored per verb, and the eu form is where it is stored.

Group	eu	el	ei	Which two are the same word
I	întreb	întreabă	întreabă	el = ei — the odd one out is eu
II	văd	vede	văd	eu = ei — the odd one out is el
III	merg	merge	merg	eu = ei
IV	dorm	doarme	dorm	eu = ei

The trap. Group I is the one you met first and the only one that merges el with ei. Everywhere else the merged pair is eu and ei. Same paradigm shape, opposite pair collapsed.

The reflexive pronoun sits in front

Subject	Pronoun	Example	English
eu	mă	mă trezesc	I wake up
tu	te	te trezești	you wake up
el / ea	se	se trezește	he wakes up
noi	ne	ne trezim	we wake up
voi	vă	vă treziți	you wake up
ei / ele	se	se trezesc	they wake up

Six slots, five words — se twice. Ukrainian -ся is the anchor, with both differences on the pronoun and none on the verb: Romanian puts it in front, and it changes for person. Negation goes outside it: nu mă grăbesc, I am not in a hurry.

7 Pronouns, questions, negationtaught 2026-07-31 · 2026-08-03

	singular	plural
1st	eu I	noi we
2nd	tu you, informal	voi you, plural informal
3rd m	el he, it	ei they — men, or mixed
3rd f	ea she, it	ele they — women only

There is no it: a thing takes el or ea by the noun's gender. Pronouns are dropped unless you are contrasting. Formal address is dumneavoastră with the voi verb form, and the Speaking section grades it.

Word	English	Ukrainian	Example	Use
cine	who	хто	Cine este?	people only, never things
ce	what	що	Ce este?	things; also "what kind of" before a noun
cum	how	як	Cum te numești?	manner — including asking a name

Job	Romanian	English	The rule
negate	Nu sunt student.	I am not a student.	nu immediately before the verb
negate + vowel	N-am timp.	I have no time.	nu am → n-am
ask yes/no	Sunteți profesor?	Are you a teacher?	word for word the statement — only the pitch rises
give a name	Mă numesc Vitalii.	My name is Vitalii.	Cum vă numiți?

8 Numbers 0–100taught 2026-08-03

0–10	zero	unu · una	doi · două	trei	patru	cinci	șase	șapte	opt	nouă	zece
11–19	unsprezece · doisprezece · treisprezece · paisprezece · cincisprezece · șaisprezece · șaptesprezece · optsprezece · nouăsprezece
20–100	douăzeci · treizeci · patruzeci · cincizeci · șaizeci · șaptezeci · optzeci · nouăzeci · o sută

Two machines: digit + spre + zece for the teens, digit + zeci for the tens — both the Ukrainian construction. Three contractions to memorise: paisprezece · șaisprezece · șaizeci.

Rule	Romanian	English
join with și, never dropped	douăzeci și unu · patruzeci și cinci	21 · 45
1–19 touches the noun, no de	trei ani · nouăsprezece ani	three years · nineteen years
from 20 up, insert de	douăzeci de ani · o sută de ani	twenty years · a hundred years
age runs on a avea	Am treizeci de ani. · Câți ani aveți?	I am thirty. · How old are you?
only unu · una and doi · două have genders	doi băieți · două fete	two boys · two girls

9 Where the tables collide

Romanian reuses four or five endings across every system above. The ending does not tell you which table you are in — the word class and the slot do. This is the section to read when two tables blur.

One ending, several jobs

Ending	On what	It means	Example
-i	noun m	plural	prieten → prieteni
-i	noun f	plural, the second feminine class	limbă → limbi
-i	adjective	m plural	bun → buni
-i	verb	tu, in all four groups	merge → tu mergi
-e	noun f · n	plural	casă → case · oraș → orașe
-e	adjective	f plural	bun → bune
-e	verb	el / ea, groups II–IV	merge · vede · doarme
-ă	noun · adjective	f singular	casă · bună
-ă	verb	el / ea and ei / ele, group I only	întreabă
-a	noun f	the — the definite article	casă → casa
-ul	noun m · n	the, singular, after a consonant	oraș → orașul
-le	noun f · n	the, plural	străzi → străzile
-le	noun m · n ending in -e	the, singular	perete → peretele
-le	possessive	f plural owner-form	mele · tale · sale
-ii	noun m	the, plural — the plural -i plus the article -i	pereți → pereții
-uri	noun n	plural, the second neuter class	timp → timpuri

The two that cost the most. -ă against -a is one letter and it is the difference between a house and the house. And a bare -e on a verb is he, while a bare -e on a noun or an adjective is plural — opposite ends of the sentence, same letter.

Hear the pairs

	Romanian	English	What moved
o casă, casa a house, the house	o casă → casa	a house → the house	ă → a
o fată, fata a girl, the girl	o fată → fata	a girl → the girl	ă → a
un oraș, orașul, orașele a town, the town, the towns	oraș → orașul → orașele	a town → the town → the towns	the two computed forms
un student, doi studenți one student, two students	student → studenți	student → students	t → ț
eu ascult, tu asculți I listen, you listen	ascult → asculți	I listen → you listen	t → ț — the same shift, on a verb
eu văd, tu vezi I see, you see	văd → vezi	I see → you see	d → z
frumos, frumoasă handsome, beautiful	frumos → frumoasă	handsome → beautiful	o → oa
eu dorm, el doarme I sleep, he sleeps	dorm → doarme	I sleep → he sleeps	o → oa — the same opening, on a verb
eu merg, tu mergi, el merge I go, you go, he goes	merg → mergi → merge	I go → you go → he goes	the three endings that carry group III

Two sound rules run in every table above, which is why they are worth more than any single paradigm: before -i, t → ț, d → z, s → ș and c, g go soft; under the stress, o → oa and e → ea open up. Nouns, adjectives and verbs all obey them.

10 The order you run them in

A noun phrase — four steps, always this order

Gender. Run the four gates. casă f
Plural. The stored ending, then the stem shift. case
Article. Computed — gender plus the last letter. casele
Adjective, agreeing with what you built, and standing after it. casele mari the big houses
Or the possessive, in the same slot, after the articled noun. casele mele my houses

A verb form — four steps, always this order

The infinitive names the group. a citi → IV
The stored bit: bare, or the infix. eu citesc → -esc-
Take the column, take the row. noi citim — the infix is gone at noi and voi
Let the sound rules fire. tu citești

Not on this page yet	Arrives in
the past — am mers, mergeam	U09 · U15
genitive-dative — cheia casei	U12
object pronouns — îl, o, îi, le, and pe	U13 · U14
comparison — mai mare, cel mai mare	U17
demonstratives — acest, acel	U17
the future and să — o să merg, vreau să merg	U08 · U11

Verification. Nothing on this page is new. Every form is copied from a page already delivered to you — the noun and plural pages (2026-08-07, 2026-08-10), the definite article (2026-08-15), adjective agreement (2026-08-12), the possessive and group I (2026-08-17), the complete present tense (2026-08-19), the numbers and question words (2026-08-03), and the two irregular verbs (2026-07-31) — or from state/grammar.md, whose 38 patterns are the same forms under review. The vocabulary behind them was swept against dexonline with scripts/factcheck.mjs on 2026-08-15: no contradictions. Where a page above is superseded, the later page is the one quoted here.